Alchymy Viols
Intense Serenity: Music of Vincente Lusitano
INDIANAPOLIS, IN
Notes on the Program
Lusitano is Homem pardo,” scribbled João Franco Barreto in his 17th century chronicle of Portugal—“a man of mixed-race.” This remains the only written evidence that Vicente Lusitano’s mother might have been a Black African and his father a European Caucasian. Even the last name “Lusitano” is not that of his mother or father, but a mere descriptor meaning “Portuguese.” Despite this near facelessness, Vicente’s life-work was deemed worthy to receive mention by a near-contemporary historian. Sadly, his name and his work would become buried in the centuries that followed.
Vicente was born in the Portuguese town of Olivença around 1520, during the time Portugal had descended deeply into the African slave trade. He likely received extensive music education as a boy, and followed the usual career path for any hopeful composer of sacred music. He became a priest. Once ordained, however, Lusitano was never granted his own church position. In Portugal at that time, Black Africans were not allowed to serve in the church, neither at the altar nor in the choir loft.
Vicente went to Italy where he quickly gained a reputation as a fine music teacher. In 1550, he became a tutor to the son of Dom Alfonso de Lencastre, Portugal’s ambassador to the Holy See. When he arrived in Rome, Lusitano presented the Vatican with a secular rather than a sacred composition, Quid montes Musae. Its text, which may have been written by Lusitano himself, describes an artist asking the Muses why they continue to stay in the craggy mountains “where dangerous animals have their lairs” (Portugal?). Instead, he suggests, they should move to a “greater court where everything is delightful” (Rome?). At the end, the artist entreats the Muses, “Let’s go! I’m ready to be inspired!” Probably the composition was offered in hopes of gaining a position at the Vatican. But once again—no cigar.
The years that followed went from high to low points for Lusitano. In 1551, his book of 23 sacred motets, Liber primus epigramatum, was published, understood to be the first European publication by a Black composer. It is the source for most of tonight’s music. That same year, Lusitano was dragged into a “professional” dispute. Following the performance of his Regina Caeli (which opens tonight’s concert), fellow composer Nicola Vicentino began smearing Lusitano’s reputation. “He knows nothing about how to compose correctly, especially chromatic lines.” This was no anonymous Facebook slam; the complaint ended at the Vatican. Three officials were appointed to preside over the contest between Lusitano and Vicentino as they argued back and forth about proper musical craftsmanship. After several days, the officials ruled unanimously that Lusitano was correct. His accuser, however, was far from a graceful loser. The smear campaign continued, and in 1556, Vincentino wrote a revisionist account of the debate portraying himself as the victim—and the more knowledgeable, more daring composer. This version is what future editors would copy into music history books, and perhaps is why Lusitano’s name and music would be buried for several centuries.
Although Lusitano’s compositions must have sounded gorgeously “opulent” in the ears of his listeners, according to modern scholar Joseph McHardy, he was best known in his own times as a music theorist. His treatise on music, published around 1553, is as much a teaching manual as a treatise, going into great depth about all the ways to improvise floridly over a line of plainchant. Recorder and viol players in our audience tonight might recognize how similar this is to what Diego Ortiz was doing at the same time in Spain. In the treatise, Lusitano also explains techniques behind how to sing, how write canons, and how to craft original lines of music around existing duets and trios of great composers such as the Franco-Flemish Nicolo Gombert. Lusitano concludes his treatise with a discussion on crafting chromaticism, offering his composition Heu me, Domine as an example. The tension created by rising and falling chromatic lines places this work far outside Lusitano’s more standard, “opulent” style. But he did not intend for this work to be performed instead, it was meant entirely for study. Yet ironically, this was the first, and for a while the only work of his, to resurface in the 1970s.
If Lusitano has a magnum opus, perhaps it is Inviolata, integra et casta es. This text, which praises the purity of Mary, had been set years earlier by Josquin des Prez, known as the greatest composer of the age. When Lusitano heard it, a wistfully transparent and harmonically angular piece, he must surely have thought, “Yes, it’s beautiful. But I want to say something more.” He set his hand to work, creating a new setting for eight voices that is pure Lusitano at his most stunning. For me, it is the opening of the third and final section that brings chills as Lusitano suddenly cuts away all florid singing, the glowing skin of his composition. What we have left to hear is the music’s beating heart--it is pure, intense serenity.
By 1561, Lusitano had left the priesthood and converted to Protestantism. He got married and applied for a position at the Stuttgart ducal court. Just a single composition remains from that move, preserved in a Stuttgart Court book of sacred motets: Beati omnes qui timent Dominum based on Psalm 127 (128). Perhaps it was his audition piece. When I first heard it, I was struck by how different it sounded from the rest of Lusitano’s works. Unlike his previous Italian settings, Lusitano places a new syllable of text on every note. Why? Aaron Cain explains, “Because in Protestant music it had become more important to communicate the text than flowing lines of counterpoint.” I was moved by its simpler, song-like lines, and I thought what a pity that we do not have more of his works like this.
After that nothing more is known about Lusitano… except that once again, Vicente did not get the job.
~Philip Spray
Special Thanks to
The Allen Whitehill Clowes Charitable Foundation
Bloomington Early Music
Badger Early Music Fund
Suzanne Ryan-Melamed
Steven Warnock
Texts & Translations
Regina Caeli
Prima pars
Regina caeli laetare, alleluia
Queen of heaven, rejoice, alleluia.
Quia quem meruisti portare, alleluia
For he whom you were worthy to bear, alleluia.
Secunda pars
Resurrexit sicut dixit, alleluia
Has risen as he said, alleluia.
Ora pro nobis Deum, alleluia
Pray for us to God, alleluia.
Ave Spes Nostra, Dei Genitrix
Ave spes nostra, Dei genitrix Virgo inacta;
Hail, our hope, untouched Virgin mother of God;
Ave, illud ave per angelum accipiens;
Hail, who accepted that hail from the angel;
Ave, concipiens patris splendorem benedicta;
Hail, blessed conceiver of the father’s splendor
Ave, Virgo sanctissima et mater sola inacta.
Hail, most saintly Virgin and only chaste mother
Te glorificat omnis creatura matrem luminis.
Every creature glorifies you, mother of light.
Alleluia
Allor che ignuda
Allor che ignuda d’ herb’ et fior la terra
Even though the earth is bare of herbs and flowers
Perche da noi s’ è dilungato il Sole
since here the sun has delayed
Ond’ è sparit’ ogni leggiadra vista
and every graceful view,
La qual facea di se vag’ ogni prato
that made every lawn rich, is gone,
Questa gentil et giovinetta rosa
this gentle and young rose
Più sempr’ è verd’ et seco ha foglie et fiori.
is greener and has more and more leaves and flowers.
Translation by Maidens and Lushman
Quid montes Musae
Quid montes Musae colitis
Why, Muses, do you make your home in the mountains,
quid inhospita saxa
among bleak crags,
omnia ubi horrescunt ubi
where nothing moves, where the woods and caverns in which
semper flebile letum
savage animals have their lairs
intentant saltus rapidarumque antra ferarum?
ever threaten you with a wretched downfall?
Vobis mutandae sedes castra altera vobis
You should choose a new home, set up your camp elsewhere,
exquirenda ubi sint laeta omnia et omnia tuta.
in a place where everything is delightful and danger far away.
Huc omnes huc ite animis concordibus ecce
Come here, all of you, come in a spirit of concord, behold:
huc etiam laurum ipse suam poeneida Phoebus
Phoebus too has brought his Punic laurel and planted it here
transtulit et nostris alte defixit in oris
so that it has put down deep roots in our land.
atque ‘hic laurus’ ait ‘nobis hic curia maior
Phoebus said: ‘Let us wear our laurels here, in this great court:
esto Parnassi valeant asperrima lustra.
farewell, harsh years of living on Parnassus.’
En etiam Phoebo palans vicina locavit
Behold, Phoebus himself, passing through these regions,
isdem castra locis actaea
rupe relicta
has abandoned the Attic rocks and made his camp in the
selfsame place,
illustrique dedit genti cognomen habere
allowing a noble family to bear this name,
unde genus duxit vestris Hieronymus ille
the family from which Hieronymus has sprung,
eductus gremiis nostri ingens gloria saecli.
born from your womb, greatly renowned in our times.
Hic o ne pigeat Musae concedere alumnus
Here, Muses, is your pupil; admit him without hesitation;
vester adest totum se vobis obiicit ultro.
he willingly offers himself wholly to you.
Hic Musae o vestras aeternum figite sedes
Here, O Muses, for ever make your home
atque una cum Phoebo una cum Pallade vestra
and, together with Phoebus, together with Pallas,
summo aequate polo vestri praeconia alumni
trumpet your pupil’s praises so that they echo into the highest heavens
Sancta Maria
Sancta Maria, succurre miseris,
Holy Mary, help the wretched
Iuva pusillanimes, refove flebiles;
assist the faint-hearted, comfort the tearful;
Ora pro populo, intervene pro clero,
pray for the people, intervene for the clergy
Intercede pro devote femineo sexu;
intercede for the faithful female sex
Sentient omnes tuum iuvamen,
that all who celebrate your feast day
Quicumque celebrant tuam commemorationem
May feel your help.
Inviolata, integra et casta es
Prima pars
Inviolata, integra et casta es, Maria;
You are inviolate, holy and chaste Mary;
Quae es effecta fulgida caeli porta.
You who are the shining gate of heaven.
O mater alma Christi carissima;
Kind mother, most dear to Christ
Suscipe pia laudum praeconia.
Accept our faithful proclamation of praise.
Secunda pars
Nostra ut pura pectora sint et corpora,
That our souls and bodies might be pure,
Quae nunc flagitant devote corda et ora.
Now devoted hearts and mouths make entreaty.
Tua per precata dulcisona
Through your prayers’ sweet sounds
Nobis concedas neviam per saecula.
Grant us peace for a lifetime.
Tertia pars
O benigna, O regina, O Maria,
O beneficent, O queen, O Mary,
Quae sola inviiolata permansisti.
You alone remain inviolate.
Beati omnes qui timent Dominum,
Ps 127 (128)
Beati omnes qui timent Dominum
Blessed are they that fear the Lord
Qui ambulant in viis eius.
that walk in his ways.
Labores manuum tuarum
For thou shalt eat the labors of thy hands
Quia manducabis beatus es et bene tibi erit
Blessed are thou, and it shall be well with thee.
Uxor tua sicut vitis abundans
Thy wife as a fruitful vine,
in lateribus domus tuae
on the sides of thy house.
Filii tui sicut novella olivarum
Thy children as olive plants,
In circuitu mensae tuae.
Found about thy table.
Artist Bio’s
Hailed for her “floating, silky” “luminous soprano” and deemed “a standout in acting and voice” as well as “hypnotic (Chicago Classical Review), soprano Nathalie Colas is a versatile and curious musician, artist, producer, educator, and music advocate. Soloist and co-founder of Third Coast Baroque, Liederstube, and new music ensemble Fonema Consort, she has been a featured soloist with Music of the Baroque, Haymarket Opera Company, the St Louis Bach Society, Valparaiso Bach Institute and Symphony of Oak Park and River Forest. Ms. Colas teaches voice at Concordia University Chicago in Oak Park and Triton College in River Forest, where she also serves as director of Choral Activities. A graduate of DePaul University School of Music and of the Brussels Royal Conservatory, she completed her opera training at the Swiss Opera Studio/Hochschule der Kunst Bern, Switzerland. Nathalie was born and raised in Strasbourg, France.
Allison Selby Cook, mezzo-soprano, is a Chicago-based singer, actor, and multi-instrumentalist specializing in early music. She recently performed with Bella Voce in Dido and Aeneas and appeared on Live From WFMT 98.7FM with Kerry Frumkin, following up on her 2017 debut international broadcast of works by Salomone Rossi. Allison is regularly featured as a singer and violist with Newberry Consort, and her current season includes appearances with Music of the Baroque and Oriana Singers, and debuts with the New York Philharmonic and Aspen Music Festival. She has performed or recorded with Chicago Symphony Orchestra at Ravinia, Piffaro, Marion Consort, Early Music at the Barn, Schola Antiqua, Early Music Now, EcoVoice Project, Chicago Radio Theatre, ShawChicago, The Shakespeare Project of Chicago, and Court Theatre. Allison studied with Ellen Hargis and David Douglass at Northwestern University, and went on to opera and early music festivals in Siena, New York, Boston, and Berkeley. Her first memories of Bloomington are traveling with her father, Jeff Holland Cook, for his IU Ballet performances as orchestral conductor in the early 2000s.
Chicago-based oratorio tenor Steven Caldicott Wilson has been praised for his “limpid tenor, marked by wondrous phrasing and aching lyricism in ‘Thy rebuke hath broken his heart’” (Chicago Classical Review) and his “powerful, polished and moving Evangelist” (New York Times). In 2024, he was a soloist with the Newberry Consort at Roosevelt University’s Ganz Hall, and a member of Schola Antiqua for Dante 360 at the Athenaeum Center. 2023 saw him return to NYC for Messiah solos with Musica Sacra at Carnegie Hall and as a soloist for Gounod’s St. Cecelia Mass at Trinity Church Wall Street. From 2007-2012, he was a gentleman of the choir at St. Thomas 5th Avenue under the direction of the late John Scott. Mr. Wilson has been a member of New York Polyphony since 2011, one of the foremost vocal chamber ensembles active today. Founded in 2006, the quartet’s discography includes two Grammy-nominated albums and a new album, Sky of my Heart, to be released in June 2025. Steven has been a member of Boston’s Handel + Haydn Society since 2015, and is a tenured member of the Grant Park Music Festival chorus. He is a veteran of the United States Air Force Band Singing Sergeants and a graduate of Ithaca College (BM) and Yale University (MM).
John Orduña, bass, is a singer of great versatility, with a voice “rich and powerful top to bottom” (Peninsula Reviews) in repertoire that spans the sacred oratorios of Bach and Handel to comic roles by Prokofiev and Verdi. Recently, Orduña has performed with Kaleidoscope Vocal Ensemble, Evergreen Ensemble, Santa Fe Desert Chorale, Music of the Baroque, Bella Voce, and the Artefact Ensemble. Soloist engagements include the Omaha Symphony, the Grant Park Music Festival, Indianapolis Baroque Orchestra, the Tallahassee Symphony, and the Richmond Symphony. He has also been seen on the operatic stages of Washington National Opera, Opera Omaha, Opera Columbus, Glimmerglass Opera, Santa Fe Opera, Sarasota Opera, and North Carolina Opera. John holds degrees and certificates from the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, the Florida State University School of Music, and the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music.
Wendy Gillespie was inexplicably attracted to renaissance polyphony long before she knew either word. A string player since childhood, she began playing the viola da gamba as an undergraduate. Wendy has performed on five continents, mostly as a founding member of Fretwork and long-time member of Phantasm, both ensembles of violas da gamba, but also as a bass viol soloist and not least as a very willing continuo player. She has explored medieval music on the vielle with the Ensemble Sequentia, Elizabethan Enterprise, and others, more recently specializing in renaissance viols and early notation with Nota Bene. Wendy can be heard on more than 100 commercially released recordings, sharing three Gramophone awards, several Gramophone and Grammy nominations, and two Grands Prix du Disque with colleagues. In 2011, Wendy received Early Music America’s Thomas Binkley Award and in 2012 a Wellesley College Alumnae Achievement Award. She is Past President of the Viola da Gamba Society of America. After 32 years on its faculty, Gillespie graduated in 2017 to Professor Emeritus at what is now called the Historical Performance Institute at the Jacobs School of Music, Indiana University, Bloomington. She often wonders how we got projected so far into the future.
Joanna Blendulf has performed and recorded with leading early music ensembles throughout the United States. A native of Sweden, she grew up listening to traditional folk music and was drawn to the sound of early instruments. Joanna now performs on viols and Baroque cello with the Nota Bene Viol Consort, Wildcat Viols, the Catacoustic Consort, Parthenia, the Portland Baroque Orchestra and Pacific MusicWorks. Ms. Blendulf holds performance degrees with honors from the Cleveland Institute of Music and the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University where she was awarded the prestigious Performer’s Certificate for her accomplishments in early music performance. Joanna’s summer engagements have included performances at Tage Alter Musik Regenburg, Musica Antigua en Villa de Lleyva in Colombia, the Bloomington, Boston, and Berkeley Early Music Festivals, the Ojai Music Festivals, as well as the Carmel and OregonBach Festivals. Ms. Blendulf has been on the faculties of the University of Oregon and the Berwick Academy as well as viol workshops across the country. She currently resides in Bloomington, Indiana, whereshe teaches Baroque cello and Viola da gamba as Associate Professor of Music at the Jacobs School of Music’s Historical Performance Department.
Erica Rubis is a versatile performer on the viola da gamba and baroque cello whose work ranges from renaissance viol consort to improvising and co-creating new music. She is a member of Alchymy Viols, Twin Cities Viol Consort, Indianapolis Baroque Orchestra, and Echoing Air, plays with Bach & Beethoven Experience and North Carolina Baroque, and collaborates regularly with composer/performer Tomás Lozano in his song project on the poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez. Erica’s most recent discography includes Alchymy Viols’ Deep River, Les Ordinaires’ Inner Chambers and Monteclair: Beloved and Betrayed, Indianapolis Baroque Orchestra’s The Colourful Telemann and Tomás Lozano’s Eternal Juan Ramón Jiménez. An active music educator, Erica teaches adult workshops and holds regular intensives on the viola da gamba for public school students. She pioneered the multi-media program, Shakespeare’s Ear, which has toured and held residencies in elementary schools since 2009.
An active performer on cello, baroque cello, and viola da gamba, Lara Turner enjoys a varied career performing music from the contemporary to the baroque. She has been the principal cellist of the Baroque Chamber Orchestra of Colorado since it began 20 years ago, is a core member of the Indianapolis Baroque Orchestra, and was the principal cellist of Bourbon Baroque for 13 years. She has frequently performed with the Fort Wayne Bach Collegium, NYS Baroque, and Three Notch’d Road, and was a featured soloist on viola da gamba in Bach’s St. Matthew Passion at the Baldwin-Wallace Bach Festival. As a modern cellist, Lara has been Principal Cello with the South Bend Symphony Orchestra since 2004, and is a founding member of the contemporary clarinet and cello duo Claricello, which has performed in Canada, Italy, Holland, Ireland, and across the United States. Clarincello performed “Dust” by Belinda Reynolds on her CD recording, Cover. Lara has taught at the National Music Camp for Youth in Panama and as part of a Fulbright project in Bolivia. Adjunct cello faculty at Saint Mary’s College and Andrew’s University, Lara holds a Bachelor of Music from the Oberlin Conservatory where she studied with Andor Toth, Jr. and Catharina Meints, and a Master of Music from the San Francisco Conservatory where she studied with Bonnie Hampton.
Located in Indianapolis, Stephanie Newberry Hall is an active freelance harpist. A native Texan, Stephanie began her professional career in 2004, serving as principal harpist of the Corpus Christi Symphony Orchestra, and she has performed with orchestras in Texas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Indiana. Stephanie received a Master of Music Degree from the University of Houston, her Bachelor of Music Degree from Vanderbilt University, and she is an alumnus of the Salzedo School in Camden, Maine where she studied with legendary harpist Alice Chalifoux. Stephanie has performed in masterclasses with harpists such as Yolanda Kondonassis, Isabelle Moretti, and Sunita Stanislow, and participated in the Texas Music Festival, Rome Festival, and Sewanee Summer Music Festivals. Stephanie is a Music Unites Artist with Classical Music Indy and joined the faculty of the Indianapolis Suzuki Academy in 2015.
Alchymy Viols founder and director Philip Spray performs, records and consults with period instrument ensembles and publishers across the country. He co-founded the Indianapolis Baroque Orchestra under Barthold Kuijken and later Musik Ekklesia whose first recording The Vanishing Nordic Chorale was part of a 2011 Grammy nomination for Best Classical Producer. He has long maintained interest in writing, composing, teaching, and arranging. In 2016, he founded the ensemble Alchymy Viols which offers performances from some of America’s finest players on the viola da gamba. The ensemble performs traditional literature for the viol, but as its name implies, they also mix viols with diverse musical elements to create an event even richer than the sum of its parts. Alchymy has mixed its viols with Indianapolis Early Music Festival bands, Bloomington Early Music, Dana Marsh and the HPI, Jacobs School of Music, with Haymarket Opera’s dancers and director Sarah Edgar, and has drawn on less-likely collaborations as well: with Scottish folk fiddler Tim MacDonald to create a chamber version of Scotland’s first opera, and with Paul Krasnovsky and Indianapolis’s contemporary music choir Mon Choeur. In 2024, Alchymy released its first recording on Navona Records, Deep River: Spirituals’ Cross-Currents.